What to know before using that picture you found online

Copyright and Fair Use: What do you need to know?

The best place to start learning about what is and isn't allowed when using images you found online is with copyrights. According to the U.S. Copyright Office, copyright protects both published and unpublished works including books, music, poetry, art, and other forms. It is given automatically when the work is created, and it does not have to be registered to apply, though a creator does have to register their work if they want to pursue legal action.

One thing to consider about copyright is that it does expire. Creations with expired copyrights, or that were created before copyright laws existed, are usually within the realm of public domain and can be used more freely. There are also Creative Commons licenses which are copyright licenses that allow creators to choose specific conditions for using their works.

Fair Use is a legal doctrine that allows for limited use of images without obtaining permission first. Columbia University does a great job of breaking down and explaining the factors involved with determining Fair Use.

The Fair Use Checklist this table is based on has a Creative Commons license. Original creators: Kenneth D. Crews and Dwayne K. Buttler
Fair Use Guidelines
More likely Fair Use Less likely Fair Use
Purpose:
  • Teaching
  • Research
  • Scholarship
  • Criticism
  • Comment
  • News reporting
Purpose:
  • Commercial activity
  • Profit
  • Entertainment
  • Bad-faith behavior
  • Plagiarism
Nature:
  • Published work
  • Nonfiction
  • Important to educational objectives
Nature:
  • Unpublished work
  • Highly creative work
  • Fiction
Amount:
  • Small quantity
  • A portion that is not central or significant to the entire work
Amount:
  • Large portion or entire work
  • The portion is central to the work
Effect:
  • User owns lawfully purchased copy of the work
  • One of few copies made
  • No significant effect on the market for the work
  • No similar product marketed by the copyright holder
Effect:
  • Could replace sale of copyrighted work
  • Significantly impairs actual or potential market for the work
  • Affordable permission available for using the work
  • Numerous copies made
  • User made it accessible on the Web
  • Repeated or long-term use
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